COMPETENT TRAINER IN FALL PROTECTION


INDUSTRIAL FALL PROTECION

by A.C. Sulowski



Table of Contents

(For the INDUSTRIAL FALL PROTECTION Manual - covering lectures on Monday and Tuesday )



Overall objectives of this Seminar 1
Learning media employed at this Seminar 2
Seminar schedule 2
SESSION 1 - Introduction 3
Workplace injuries and fatalities 4
1.1 - Objectives of Session 1 6
1.2 - Definitions of COMPETENCY in various jurisdictions 7
1.2.1 - Ontario 7
1.2.2 - Nova Scotia 8
1.2.3 - USA 8
1.3 - Competent Worker in Fall Protection — definition and the required minimum skills as recommended by Sulowski Fall Protection Inc. 9
1.4 - THE COMPETENT WORKER IN FALL PROTECTION — Proposed scope of training (SFP Inc.) 10
1.5 -Competent Person in Fall Protection — definition and the required minimum skills as recommended by Sulowski Fall Protection Inc. 13
1.6 - THE COMPETENT PERSON IN FALL PROTECTION — Proposed scope of training (SFP Inc.) 14
1.7 - A brief history of Fall Protection 18
1.8 - What makes Fall Protection different from other personal protective equipment (PPE) 25
1.9 - Benefits and limitations of Fall Protection 27
SESSION 2 - Tool Systems and Safety Systems for Work at Elevations 29
2.1 - Objectives of Session 2 30
2.2 - Hierarchy of controls when at risk of falling 30
2.3 - Elimination, partial or total, of the hazard of falling 31
2.4 - Tool Systems versus Safety Systems 34
2.4.1 - Work Positioning System (WPS) 34
2.4.2 - Control Ascent and Descent Systems (excl. Confined Spaces) 36
2.4.3 - Confined Space Entry and Exit Systems 37
2.4.4 - Industrial Rope Access Systems 38
2.5 - Primary difference between Tool Systems and Fall Protection Systems 39
2.6 - Safety Systems for work with the risk of falling 40
2.6.1 - Fall Protection Systems 40
2.6.2 - Post Fall Rescue Systems 45
SESSION 3 - Travel Restraint (Restrict) Systems & Fall Restricting Systems 47
3.1 - Objectives of Session 3 48
3.2 - Travel Restraint Systems — Definitions 48
3.2.1 - Ontario Regulation 145/00 48
3.2.2 - British Columbia Regulation 420/2004 49
3.3 - Travel Restraint (Restrict) Systems — Examples of personal and multi-user TRSs 49
3.4 - Sulowski's Rule regarding Personal TRSs 56
3.5 - Fall Restricting Systems (FRSs) — Definitions 57
3.5.1 - Ontario Regulation 145/00 57
3.5.2 - British Columbia 57
SESSION 4 - Principles Of Fall Arresting — Part I 58
4.1 - Objectives of Session 4 59
4.2 - The Energy Approach — Selected Examples 60
4.3 - Principles of Fall Arrest 64
4.3.1 - Fall Arrest Principle no. 1 65
4.3.2 - Fall Arrest Principle no. 2 66
4.3.3 - Fall Arrest Principle no. 3 66
4.3.4 - Fall Arrest Principle no.4 71
4.3.5 - Fall Arrest Principle no. 5 72
4.3.6 - Fall Arrest Principle no. 6 73
4.3.7 - Fall Arrest Principle no. 7 73
4.3.8 - Fall Arrest Principle no. 8 74
4.3.9 - Fall Arrest Principle no. 9 74
4.3.10 - Fall Arrest Principle no. 10 75
4.3.11 - Fall Arrest Principle no 11 75
4.4 - Practical conclusions from the Fall Arrest Principle no. 3 for FASs limited to a Energy Absorbing Lanyard 77
4.4.1 - Classes E4 and E6 of Energy Absorbing Lanyards According to CSA Z259.11-05 Standard 79
4.4.2 - MaxEA for Class E4 and E6 of Energy Absorbing Lanyards 79
4.4.3 - Practical Formulas for Selecting Energy Absorbing Lanyards 80
4.4.4 - Examples 80
4.5 - Assessment of Maximum Arrest Force (MAF) 91
4.5.1 - General 91
4.5.2 - MAF assessment by testing 91
4.5.3 - MAF assessment through calculation 94
SESSION 5 - Principles of Fall Arresting — Part II 95
5.1 - Anchorages — General Requirements 96
5.1.1 - Anchorage Strength — Legal Requirements — References 96
5.1.2 - Anchorage Strength — Legal Requirements 97
5.1.3 - Anchorage Strength — Legal Requirements — USA 97
5.2 - Minimum Required Strength (MRS) of Anchorages for FAS 100
5.3 - TRS Anchorage — Good Practice Rule 101
SESSION 6 - Principles of Fall Arresting — Part III 102
6.1 - Objectives 103
6.2 - The MAFs, and MinRClears in FASs with Fall Arresters (FAs) and long Vertical Lifelines (VLLs) 104
SESSION 7 - Principles of Fall Arresting — Part IV 116
7.1 - Objectives 117
7.2 - The Maximum Arrest Forces, Maximum Arrest Loads and Total Fall Distances in FASs with Flexible Horizontal Lifelines (HLLs) 117
7.2.1 - Introduction 117
7.2.2 -Maximum Arrest Loads in an HLL as an effect of the Maximum Arrest Force generated in a FAS attached to this HLL 118
7.2.3 - Total Fall Distance in FASs with HLLs 124
7.2.4 - HLLs for several simultaneous users 125
7.3 - CSA Standards for Horizontal Lifelines 126
SESSION 8 - Exposure Limits of the Human Body in Fall Arresting Systems 127
8.1 - Objectives 128
8.2 -Injury thresholds and endurance limits of the human body during exposure to transitory deceleration 128
8.2.1 - Endurance limit of live dogs subjected to a shock load 128
8.2.2 -Data derived from studies performed by the aviation, aerospace and automotive biomechanical research laboratories (USA, cir. 1942-1970) 131
8.2.3 - Results of research work of Dr. Maurice Amphoux 131
8.2.4 -Limits of exposure to shock load in the mountaineering seat-harnesses with waist level frontal attachment of the rope 134
8.2.5 - Human body's injury thresholds when exposed to transitory deceleration — summary 139
8.2.6 - NEW DEVELOPMENTS — Should the MAF limit depend on the worker's mass? 162
8.3 -Human body's tolerance of motionless suspension in belts, chest harnesses and full body harnesses (J.W. Brinkley et al., USAF, 1987-8) 163
8.4 - Conclusions 166
8.4.1 - Limits on maximum arrest force (MAF) in industrial fall arrest systems 166
8.4.2 -Recommended guidelines for duration of the post-fall rescue performed by a rescue team composed of co-workers of the fall victim 168
SESSION 9 - Typical Fall Protection Equipment 175
9.1 - Objectives 176
9.2 - Systems engineering as applied to FPE 176
9.2.1 - Introduction 176
9.2.2 - Systems Engineering as applied to Industrial Fall Protection 177
9.2.3 - Definitions and examples as applied to fall protection equipment 177
9.3 - Harnesses 179
9.3.1 - Definition 179
9.3.2 - CSA Standard for Harnesses 180
9.3.3 - American Standards covering harnesses 181
9.3.4 - Typical harnesses available in Canada and the USA 185
9.3.5 - What should every user of harnesses know 200
9.4 - Lanyards, Energy Absorbers and Energy Absorbing Lanyards 204
9.4.1 - Definitions 204
9.4.2 - CSA Standards 204
9.4.3 - Typical lanyards and energy absorbers available in Canada and the USA 206
9.4.4 - Energy Absorbers 209
9.5 - Fall Arresters (Rope Grabs) and Vertical Lifelines 213
9.5.1 - Definition 213
9.5.2 - CSA Standard: Z259.2.1-98 [R2004] "Fall Arresters, Vertical Lifelines, and Rails" 213
9.5.3 - American Standards: ANSI Z359.1-1992 [R1999] 215
9.5.4 - Selected rope grabs and lifelines available in Canada and the USA 216
9.5.5 - What should every user of rope grabs know 221
9.5.6 - Inspection of rope grabs 222
9.5.7 - Residual risks related to rope grabs and their lifelines 222
9.6 - Self-retracting Devices 223
9.6.1 - Definition 223
9.6.2 -CSA Standard: CSA Z259.2.2-98 [R2004] "Self-retracting Devices for Personal Fall Arrest Systems" 225
9.6.3 - American Standards: ANSI Z359.1-1992 [R1999] 227
9.6.4 - Typical Self-retracting devices available in Canada and the USA 227
9.6.5 - What should every user of Self-retracting devices know 234
9.6.6 - Inspection 236
9.6.7 - Additional, specific residual risks related to Self-retracting devices 237
9.7 - Horizontal Lifelines 239
9.7.1 - Definition 239
9.7.2 - CSA Standard Z259.13-04 on flexible HLLs 239
9.7.3 - Typical Horizontal Lifelines available in Canada and the USA 241
9.7.4 - What should every user of Horizontal Lifelines know 245
9.8 - Connecting Components 249
9.8.1 - Definition 249
9.8.2 -CSA Standard: Z259.12-01 "Connecting Components for Personal Fall Arrest Systems" 250
9.8.3 - American Standards: ANSI Z359.1-1992 [R1999] 251
9.8.4 - Typical connecting hardware available in Canada and the USA 251
9.8.5 - What should every user of connecting components know 253
9.9 - Anchorage Connectors for FAS 256
9.9.1 - Definition 256
9.9.2 - CSA Standard 257
9.9.3 - Classification of Anchorage Connectors 257
9.9.4 - Anchorage Connectors — Basic requirements 257
9.9.5 - Typical Anchorage Connectors available in Canada and the USA 258
9.9.6 - What should every user of Anchorage Connectors know 268
9.10 - Portable Anchorages for FASs 269
9.11 - Mobile Anchorages for FASs 272
9.12 - FAS Anchorages — General Comments 277
9.13 - Availability of Temporary and/or Portable Anchorages in North America 278
9.14 - Typical applications of Temporary and/or Portable Anchorages 291
9.15 - Selected Specialty Fall Protection Equipment 291
9.15.1 - FP Equipment for Wood Pole Climbing (Fall Restricting Systems) 291
SESSION 10 - Selected Industrial Fall Protection Systems 314
10.1 - Objectives 315
10.2 - First Climb FAS 316
10.2.1- Three, alternative Connecting Subsystems for First Climb FASs (Type 1) 317
10.2.2 - First Climb FAS — Type 2 323
10.3 - FPS for the Construction Industry 327
10.3.1 - Typical FAS for work on construction sites 327
10.3.2 - FAS for Structural Steel Erection 328
10.3.3 - FAS with Horizontal Lifelines 332
10.3.4 - Special FAS for steel erectors with Fall Arresters and Vertical Lifelines 338
10.3.5 - Fall Hazard Elimination during Form Work 340
10.4 - FASs with Rope Grabs and Vertical Lifelines 343
10.5 - Fall Protection Systems for Roof Work 346
10.5.1 - Fall Protection for Flat Roofs 349
10.5.2 - Fall Protection for Sloped Roofs 360
10.6 - Fall Protection - Scaffolds 371
10.6.1 - Fall Arrest Systems During Scaffold Erection and Dismantling 371
10.6.2 - FP for Scaffolders - this consultant's opinion 372
10.6.3 - Fall Hazard Control - scaffolds 373
10.7 - Typical FASs for Plant Maintenance Work 375
10.8 - FAS for Maintenance of Building Facades 382
10.9 - Fall Protection - Transport 392
10.10 - FAS for Transmission Tower Work 416
10.10.1 - FASs for Live Line Work 424
10.10.2 - Use of helicopters and other FASs for transmission line work 424
10.10.3 - FPS for Large Transformers 427
10.11 - FAS for Work on Telecommunication Towers 432
10.12 - FAS for Mobile Elevated Work Platforms 435
10.13 - FAS for Multi-hazard Work 437
SESSION 11 - Residual Risks in Fall Arrest Systems 441
11.1 - Objectives 442
11.2 - Residual Risk in FAS - Introduction 442
11.3 - Residual Risk in FAS - Discussion 444
11.4 - Residual Risk in FAS - Conclusions and Recommendations 453
A1 - Listing of selected standards on fall protection; Z259 Series 455
A2 - Listing of major equipment manufacturers and suppliers 456
SESSION 12 — CSA Z259.16-04 and Z259.13-04 Standards 460
CSA Z259.16-04 Standard — Design of Active Fall Protection Systems 461
CSA Z259.13-04 Standard — Flexible Horizontal Lifeline Systems 480
SECTION 13 — Additional Information 485
OSHA — Suspension Trauma / Orthostatic Intolerance 486
Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulations (Excerpt) 490
Climbing of Wood Poles Using FRS with a FBH — Interpretation of Section 26 of O.Reg 145/00 496
Section 26. Fall Protection Regulations for Construction Projects in Ontario
(Amended O.Reg 213/91; April 5, 2005) — with additional information (italics)
From Andrew C. Sulowski, P.Eng. 499
Life Expectancy of Miller Brand Harnesses and Lanyards 509
Hunter's View Announce Recall of Safety Harnesses Sold with Tree Stands 510
Businesses Offered Help to Strengthen Health and Safety 512
Ontario's Occupational Health and Safety System 514
Timeline for Hiring Ministry of Labour Health and Safety Inspectors 516
Reducing Workplace Injuries 518
SECTION 14 — R&D from Health and Safety Executive, UK 521
A resume of recent research and information from the UK's Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Relating to 'falls from a height' 522
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